Swimming children in kindergarten. Swimming lessons in kindergarten
The organization of teaching children to swim in kindergarten is carried out in conjunction with all the various forms of physical culture and health work, since only a combination of classes in the pool with a rational regimen of children's activities and rest can give a positive result in strengthening their health and hardening the body.
Swimming lessons should be carried out no earlier than 40 minutes after eating and no later than 1.5-2 hours before a night's sleep.
Swimming training takes place, as a rule, in the form of group lessons. The number of classes for each group is at least 2 times a week.
The following age classification of preschool children has been adopted, which is guided by when planning swimming lessons in kindergarten: 1st junior group(3rd year of life); 2nd junior group(4th year of life); middle group(5th year of life); senior group(6th year of life); preparatory group(7th year of life). Kindergarten groups are divided into subgroups depending on the age of the children and specific conditions (the number of children in the group, the size of the pool, the purpose of the lesson). The number of subgroups in each group will be different: for example, the 1st and 2nd junior groups should be divided into 3-4 subgroups, so that each of them has no more than 6-8 people; older groups are divided into 2 subgroups, so that each has no more than 10-12 people.
The duration of classes in different groups is also not the same and depends on the age and period of study. So, at the beginning of training, classes are shorter, and as children master water, their duration increases.
Swimming training in kindergarten is carried out by coaches and pool instructors. The water level in the pool should be no more than 50-60 cm and reach the belt of those involved; water temperature is about 30°C. Classes are held according to the program of physical education for kindergarten; they solve the problems of mastering with water and mastering the elements of swimming technique.
The duration of swimming lessons for older children is at least 40-60 minutes; and in the 2nd junior and middle groups at the beginning of training it is somewhat less.
The formation of the ability to swim is provided for by the program, starting from the fourth year of a child's life, i.e. from the 2nd junior group. Children of this age are already quite independent,
They have the necessary hygienic skills and abilities, and also have certain motor experience and, as a rule, adapt well to the conditions of a preschool institution.
In this group, it is already possible to conduct not only individual (as with younger children), but also group classes.
Working with preschoolers requires an individual approach. This is due primarily to the fact that the child's body at this age is still fragile, ^formed, which requires careful consideration of the abilities, inclinations, and most importantly, the physical capabilities of each child. Only with strict consideration of gender and age, the level of physical development and health of the child, his susceptibility to colds, the degree of mastery with water and adaptation to changes in temperature conditions, individual reactions to physical activity, you can choose the most optimal methods for teaching swimming to preschoolers.
The leading place should be occupied by the game method, which allows to ensure the necessary interest of children in learning to swim, increase the number of repetitions of exercises, use different starting positions, and increase the emotionality of classes.
The system of exercises and games used in teaching preschoolers is based on the patterns of gradual formation of relevant skills. It is customary to distinguish several stages of training.
1st stage. It corresponds to the younger preschool age (3-4 years). It begins with introducing the child to water, its properties (density, viscosity, transparency). This stage ends when the child gets used to water, can fearlessly and confidently (with the help of an adult) move along the bottom of the pool, perform simple actions, and play.
2nd stage. It corresponds to junior and middle preschool age (4-5 years). The main task is the acquisition by children of skills that will help them feel confident enough in the water. In the classroom, children learn to stay on the surface (float, lie down, slide), and also independently perform the breathing exercise “inhale-exhale” (at least 10 times in a row).
3rd stage. It corresponds to senior preschool age (6 years). The main task is to teach swimming in the chosen way. By the end of this stage, children should swim 10-15 m in shallow water in a learned way in full coordination.
4th stage. It corresponds to senior preschool and junior school age (6-7 years). The main task is to improve the technique of the chosen swimming method, perform simple turns and jumps into the water. Children acquire the ability to swim in deep water.
The development of various movements is carried out by their repeated repetition; the number of repetitions should increase gradually. Given that the repetition of movements is a monotonous activity and tires children, in one lesson it is necessary to offer them a variety of exercises. Preschoolers, on the basis of imitation, master holistic motor acts better, so it is necessary to create in them a holistic view of the studied method of swimming. In connection with the peculiarities of the development of thinking of children at this age (concreteness, objectivity, a strongly pronounced ability to imitate, etc.), a demonstration is very important when teaching swimming, which should be accompanied by explanations of the instructor that are accessible to children.
A large place in the thinking of a preschool child is occupied by the image. In teaching swimming, it is advisable to use figurative comparisons in the names and explanations of exercises. For example, such names as “Eyes in the water”, “Nose drowned”, “Crayfish”, “Shark”, etc., help to create in the child real ideas about the exercises, ensure their correct mastery.
When working with children 4-6 years old, you should not use a large number of commands and calculations when learning exercises.
Mastering the skill of swimming is quite difficult for preschoolers; in this regard, in the learning process, it is necessary to use a significant number of various preparatory exercises and games.
The load dosage for girls and boys is the same, but varies depending on age: children 3-4 years old are given a slightly lower load than children 5 years old.
It is necessary to correct the mistakes of preschoolers in the process of swimming in a certain sequence. So, you can’t correct several mistakes at the same time - this scatters the attention of children. Most often, errors in preschoolers are associated with an insufficient degree of general physical and coordination fitness. We must strive to ensure that children have mastered the general scheme of movements of the chosen method of swimming, and not require them to be precise in technique.
Training success is enhanced if the adult leader (coach or parent) is in the water. When learning
preschoolers must follow the standard safety requirements (see Chapter 8, Section 8.2.).
Swimming lessons, started at a preschool age, contribute to the successful learning of each child in a vital skill - taking into account individual characteristics his development, level of physical fitness and health status, open up good prospects for systematic swimming.
Control questions and tasks
1. What are the tasks of teaching swimming in kindergarten.
2. What are the conditions for conducting swimming lessons in kindergarten (water level in the pool, water temperature, etc.)?
3. How to ensure safety in swimming lessons with preschool children?
4. Name the stages of teaching swimming to preschoolers (tasks and content of each stage, teaching methods).
5. What are the features of the methodology for conducting swimming lessons with preschool children?
Bulgakova P.Zh. Swimming. - M .: FiS, 1999 - (ABC of sports). Osokina T.I., Timofeeva E.A., Bogina T.L. Swimming lessons in kindergarten. - M.: Enlightenment, 1991.
Swimming lessons
INTRODUCTION 3
1. BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR SWIMMING CLASSES IN KINDERGARTEN 4
2. ORGANIZATION AND CONDUCT OF CLASSES IN SHALLOW WATER (JUNIOR AND MIDDLE GROUPS) 7
3. ORGANIZATION AND CONDUCT OF CLASSES IN DEEP WATER (SENIOR AND PREPARATORY GROUPS) 12
CONCLUSION 16
REFERENCES 17
INTRODUCTION
The beneficial effects of swimming on the children's body is generally recognized. In the medical and physiological aspect, this is the strengthening of various functional systems of the child's body (cardiovascular, respiratory, musculoskeletal, etc.), in the psychological aspect - the formation of arbitrary regulation of movements and actions, in the pedagogical aspect - this is not only teaching a younger student complexly organized actions, but also a way of developing self-regulation skills.
T.I. Osokina. In this methodology, much attention is paid to the younger and middle age, but the issues of teaching swimming to children of older and preparatory groups are not sufficiently covered. Meanwhile, swimming instructors (not experts in swimming) experience significant difficulties in teaching children of older preschool age.
1. BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR SWIMMING CLASSES IN KINDERGARTEN
Preschool children are best taught to swim in specially designated areas. In kindergartens - in swimming pools, and when children are allowed to swim in natural reservoirs, then the following rules must be observed:
1. When choosing a place for swimming, the teacher should check the depth, carefully examine the bottom to make sure that it does not contain holes.
2. The water level should not exceed 80 cm, the bottom should not be rocky, the current should be fast.
3. The bottom must be flat, the water flowing, the shore dry and not polluted.
4. The area reserved for bathing children must be marked with clearly visible colored floats, flags, fences, etc.
5. A teacher teaching children to swim, first of all, must be able to swim well, know the rules for providing assistance, and be able to immediately provide first aid. It is good if any of the medical staff or other kindergarten workers are present at the swimming lessons.
6. Bathing and preparation for swimming should be combined with sunbathing and organized daily during a walk or after a nap.
First, children are allowed to be in the water for 5-10 minutes, provided that its temperature is 20-24 ° C, and the air temperature is 24-28 ° C. Noticing that the children are getting at least a little cold (and this can be guessed from the pale face), you need to demand an immediate exit from the water, make sure that the children wipe their face, neck, head, back, stomach and others with a towel as best as possible. parts of the body, it would be good to clean the ears.
Staying in water causes heat to be released, and it will be the greater, the lower the temperature of the water. With prolonged stay in water, body temperature decreases. Hypothermia is unacceptable. With systematic swimming lessons, the vascular system of a preschooler quickly adapts to changes in water temperature and resistance to cold arises, which is important when hardening the body.
At 5-6 years old, the child masters and performs various movements quite well, but he still has some unpreparedness to perform complex motor actions due to the slow concentration of inhibition. In this regard, the movements of preschoolers enhance the activity of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems.
The main goal of teaching swimming to preschoolers is to promote their recovery, hardening, to provide comprehensive physical training, to involve them in physical education and sports at an early age, and, in addition, swimming is the same necessary skill as the ability to run, jump etc.
A necessary condition for success in working with preschoolers is to maintain a positive attitude of children to classes at all stages of education. The instructor-teacher should strive to ensure that exercises and games in the water give the children pleasure and joy, encourage them to be independent and strive to swim well. Often it is praise that leads to a noticeable improvement in the result, contributes to the growth of self-confidence and the development of the child's strong-willed qualities.
The main work with preschool children is determined by the general tasks of the initial stage of learning to swim: to teach children to confidently and fearlessly stay on the water, as well as to swim technically correctly and economically. Particular attention is paid to pedagogical techniques that allow the child to quickly learn to control his body in the water, which leads to an increase in his self-confidence. And this, in turn, becomes the basis of the principle of the child's independence in the pedagogical activity of the teacher-instructor.
Classes during the academic year are proposed to be held at least 1-2 times a week. Depending on the age and preparedness of the children, the duration of the children's stay in the water can vary from 10 to 25 minutes.
Age groups are divided into subgroups. The number of children's group in the lesson should not exceed 10-12 people.
When drawing up approximate lesson plans, formulating tasks and selecting specific exercises, it is very important to take into account the age differences of children. So, starting classes with older preschoolers, the instructor-teacher must remember that they get used to the water much faster than younger children. Therefore, the initial period of learning (getting used to water) in children of older preschool age is much shorter, but the sequence of performing exercises for primary education is preserved in work with children of all age groups.
Swimming training is combined with various exercises in the water - hydroaerobics: walking and running waist-deep in water; walking, running backwards; bouncing, jumping; general developmental exercises: holding on to the handrail of the side of the bicycle type, stretching exercises, etc.
The child is taught to perform traditional exercises: dolphin, crocodile, etc.; conduct outdoor games, game exercises, round dances, relay races, etc. The skills acquired by the child are completed in sports holidays.
The effectiveness of the methodology for teaching special motor skills in the aquatic environment of preschool children is determined by the degree of motor freedom of the child in this environment. Swimming training should be carried out in two stages - in shallow water and in deep water.
2. ORGANIZATION AND CONDUCT OF CLASSES IN SHALLOW WATER (JUNIOR AND MIDDLE GROUPS)
Junior group. In the younger group, swimming training begins with introducing the child to water and its properties: density, viscosity, transparency. The duration of the familiarization period is determined by the child's ability to fearlessly and confidently, with the help of an adult, or independently move along the bottom, perform simple actions, and play.
According to T.I. Osokina, by the end of the school year, children of the younger group in the water should be able to: get a toy from the bottom, plunging into the water with their eyes open; exhale into the water (5-6 times); slide on the chest (2-3 times); perform the exercise "float" (2 times); with the help of an adult, lie on your back (2 times).
With this approach, already in the younger group, the requirements of the "Program of Education and Training in Kindergarten" for swimming are fulfilled.
Middle group. In classes in the middle group, children learn to stay on the surface of the water (float, lie, slide) at least for a short time, thereby gaining an idea of the buoyant and supporting power of water. In addition, children must learn to independently voluntarily perform inhalation and exhalation into the water several times.
The composition of exercises in the middle group is determined based on the following assumptions:
1) You should not start learning the movements of the legs or arms until the child has a perfect glide.
2) It is not recommended to perform this exercise at the support, because, while working with the feet, the child will not be able to feel the progress.
3) It is also not advised to use supporting objects, since this violates the horizontal position of the body, which, in turn, leads to gross errors in the work of the legs.
The main task of organizing swimming lessons in the middle group is to teach the child the ability to lie freely on his chest and on his back. To do this, it is necessary to teach him to dive, dive and open his eyes in the water, without rubbing them with his hands after that. The ability to open your eyes helps to maintain the desired direction of movement and facilitates orientation under water. If the child is able to hold his breath, you can teach him to get various objects from the bottom (toys, washers, shells).
It is very important to draw the attention of the child to the fact that under the action of the buoyancy force, he floats to the surface of the water.
Children also need to learn that they cannot dive if their lungs are full of air. To convince them of this, you can offer to sit down under water after a deep breath and after an energetic exhalation (exercises “Inflate the ball”, “Ball burst”).
To get an idea about the buoyancy of the body and the action of the lifting force, T.I. Osokina suggests using the “Float” exercise: “while standing, take a breath, sit down deeper, wrap your arms around your legs a little below your knees, lower your face to your knees and group.”
How can a child make it clear that the water is holding him? You can use the exercise "Crocodile" for this. In the program of T.I. Osokina describes it as follows: “lie down, leaning on your hands, holding your head above the water and stretching your legs back ... try to push yourself off the bottom with your hands and take both hands to your hips at once, relax and lie down a bit in this position.” In the course of the exercise, it is necessary to achieve proper breathing - alternating a short breath and a slow exhalation.
After mastering lying on your chest, you can move on to learning lying on your back also in shallow water. To do this, the child, sitting on the bottom and lightly leaning on it with his elbows, tries to lie on his back, then relax and lie down calmly, without throwing his head back and without pressing his chin to his chest (nose and tummy up).
At first, it is necessary to help the child get rid of unnecessary tension: the instructor, standing behind, confidently supports the child’s head with soft hands and, choosing the right words, achieves the goal.
When the child learns to lie in shallow water without the help of an adult, you can proceed to perform this exercise at a great depth (from waist to chest). In the manual T.I. Osokina is offered the following option: “standing, hands down, take a breath, hold your breath and lie down calmly on your back. The chin should be lowered and pressed to the chest, and the stomach should be pulled up to the surface of the water. It is desirable that, when falling back into the water, the children see the teacher standing nearby. It will be easier for the child to keep the chest and stomach on the surface of the water if some flat object such as a mold is placed on top. At the initial stage, it is necessary to support the child under the back of the head or chin, while his head should lie freely on the water (you can use a hoop or net).
Children should not be insured under their backs (or under their stomachs when swimming on their chest), since, subsequently removing their hand, the instructor immediately deprives the child of any support, and he immediately stops performing the exercise.
It is very important to teach children to get up from a supine position. T.I. Osokina describes this technique as follows: children “stretch their arms along the body and vigorously press them down on the water; the legs are pulled to the body (the child, as it were, sits down). The body assumes a vertical position; after that, the legs stretch out and stand on the bottom.
In order for the child to feel the progress in the water, you can use traditional exercises with towing (holding hands, holding a hoop, net, etc.), as well as diving into vertically standing hoops (this can be a series of hoops of different diameters).
Exercise "Hi!" is performed as follows: jumping into the hoop, the child responds to the teacher with a handshake, which, in turn, gives the child's body an acceleration. Further sliding is performed independently. At first, children immediately rise to the bottom, and this is natural. It is necessary to achieve a long slide to a complete stop.
When performing a slide, a technically correct and strong push plays an important role. Therefore, considerable attention should be paid to jumps, which give the lesson an emotional coloring, helping the child overcome uncertainty, instill determination and courage.
The formation of this skill depends on the objective capabilities of the pool. You can also jump from the stairs, but it is more convenient and safer to jump from a removable pedestal attached to the stairs with steps, the height of which corresponds to the water level. When teaching jumping, basic didactic principles must be observed, as these exercises can cause a feeling of fear that will jeopardize the entire learning process. You can not force the child to jump, in no case should you push the child if he is afraid. In order to avoid injuries, the teacher must stand on the bedside table while jumping and make sure that the place where the child will jump is free.
It is better to start with elementary jumps with your feet down. Children perform the following exercises with pleasure: in a hoop of different diameters lying on the surface of the water (“Into the well - from the well”); “Into a deep well” (jump with immersion in water and emerging from a hoop under water); through a stretched horizontal rope; with boards, air cushions, etc. ("Who is longer" and "Saddle a horse").
After mastering these jumps, they move on to mastering head-first jumps (surface jump). At first, the children “flop” into the water, spreading their arms and legs to the sides. It is necessary to teach the child to push off well, jump as far as possible, and then lie down as long as possible (until it comes to a complete stop). Shy children can be offered to jump on an air mattress, a foam mat, with a board in their hands - this gives confidence, which means that the child will quickly master this skill. Flight range will improve markedly if you jump into a vertical hoop held by the instructor. The distance between the bedside table and the hoop gradually increases for each child individually (“Like an arrow”, “Tiger jump into a burning ring”). For more advanced children, we offer to perform acrobatic exercises (forward, backward, etc.) on a foam mat.
It is possible to work out and control sliding only when the children, jumping head first, perform a good push. Children should be able to slide equally well on the chest and on the back. In the process of learning, it is necessary to modify and complicate tasks (for example, to perform a slide followed by exhalation into the water, different positions of the hands, etc.).
You should also constantly create game situations (for example, “Who will slide the farthest”), give the exercises an entertaining color (“Like an arrow”, “Torpedo” and others).
T.I. Osokina points out some mistakes that occur when learning to glide: “the child’s body is excessively immersed in water, the back is strongly arched, the stomach sags, the head is raised too high up or down, the muscles of the body are tense, the eyes are tightly closed, the lips are compressed.”
Such blunders do not occur during free lying on the water if the sequence of preparatory exercises is followed. Errors occur most often in children who miss classes, which, in turn, require the close attention of an instructor-teacher, and additional classes are held with them during free swimming.
Thus, the main task of learning to swim in shallow water is to create pedagogical conditions that contribute to the child's self-confidence and the feeling that the water loves and holds him. And the skills and abilities acquired in shallow water are subsequently improved in deep water.
3. ORGANIZATION AND CONDUCT OF CLASSES IN DEEP WATER (SENIOR AND PREPARATORY GROUPS)
The amount of time spent on conducting classes in shallow water makes it possible to conduct classes in deep water only starting from the end of the middle group.
Of great importance in training in deep water is the demonstration of the exercise as a whole and its individual elements. It is best to show the exercise immediately before the children perform it. Involving assistants in the demonstration also greatly facilitates the explanation. Demonstration of movements should be accompanied by a clear and intelligible explanation of the details, which helps to prevent misunderstanding.
At the stage of teaching individual movements, the speech of the instructor-teacher can be figurative, but at the same time it should not have a touch of entertainment. Children during the exercise should be focused.
The main indicator of the child's ability to perform swimming movements is the full performance of his sliding. A correctly performed sliding is determined by the following indicators: a) the starting position before repulsion, b) the force of the push, c) the position of the body during the sliding. When learning to swim, 80% of the time spent should be devoted to gliding, and only after a long period of it, you can start learning movements.
What program of movements and in what sequence should be created and brought to automatism so that a preschooler with his unstable nervous system and insufficient coordination baggage masters such a complex sport as swimming?
Front crawl is the fastest way to swim. Obeying the general law of mechanics - the economy and efficiency of rowing movements, it turned out to be the most acceptable in teaching swimming to preschoolers.
Beforehand, the children are shown the way of swimming in general, while their attention is drawn to the movement of the hands (as in walking and running). Then alternating hand movements (accompanied by an explanation: "to the foot - to the ceiling - to the ear") are practiced on land and fixed at home.
When swimming in a crawl on the chest, the child lies freely on the surface of the water, the head is between the hands. The stroke is performed with a straight hand, at the moment the stroke ends, the thumb should touch the thigh (conditionally). With a successful execution, the hand easily sweeps through the air and again plunges into the water. Children should not be required to have a complex trajectory of hand movement above and below water (as recommended in the methodological literature), the main thing at this stage of training is uniform progress in a straight line while maintaining a horizontal body position.
The principle of economical swimming assumes a reasonable distribution of the swimmer's forces over a distance. Therefore, it is necessary to teach children to swim slowly, maintaining the continuity of movements (without influx). At first, preschoolers reflexively perform hand movements very quickly, resulting in short strokes. It is necessary to immediately achieve a long stroke. The competitive spirit of learning gives dynamism to the exercises and keeps children highly active throughout the lesson.
There is a saying in swimming: "Only the one who controls the breath can swim." It is much easier for a child to master breathing by swimming slowly and only with the help of his hands. Given the level of preparation of the child, it is better to choose short distances, but perform the exercise repeatedly (so that coordination is not disturbed). Gradually mastering the crawl on the chest in the described sequence, children quickly manage to adapt the movements of the legs to the movements of the hands. Based on physical capabilities and individual characteristics, the child himself selects the rhythm of foot movements.
The “back crawl” method in terms of the structure of movements differs from the crawl on the chest only in the position of the body on the water and the change in the leading limbs - the basis for coordinating movements is the work of the legs. The technique for performing this method is entirely determined by the coordination capabilities of the child, as well as the ability to create power traction with the legs.
The development of the crawl on the back is carried out in shallow and calm water. Not all children manage to move well enough due to the legs - this is due to the motor capabilities of the foot, which, in turn, are determined by the mobility of the ankle joint and the area of the dorsal surface of the foot (flippers). Therefore, first on land, and then in the water, alternately shock movements of the legs up and down are practiced, which are performed only with socks (the socks are pulled back and concave inward - “like a bear”). To control the bending of the legs at the knees, it is proposed to hold a board or a hand over the child's knees (there is no touch if the movement is performed correctly).
Circular rotations of the hands back are previously learned on land, and in the water the “back mill” is performed, which is accompanied by an explanation, as in the freestyle on the chest: “to the leg - to the ear”. Because the backstroke is done through the side, it causes excessive leg movement. Only a high tempo of hand movement allows you to maintain the straightness of advancement.
The maximum effect is achieved when performing the task from the start on the back. The high rhythm of leg movements allows the child to maintain accuracy and unity only at short distances, which are usually swum while holding the breath. The start on the back is performed as follows: hook your hands on the handrail (side, ladder); rest against the wall with your legs bent at the knees (toes in the water).
At the initial stage, children are encouraged to swim slowly. At the same time, they have the opportunity to arbitrarily coordinate their own movements, moving mainly with the help of their legs (thighs and lower legs in the water) and performing strokes with their hands stopping at the hip (voluntary breathing).
Further work on improving swimming skills is aimed at the widespread use of contrasting exercises in training, which helps the child understand the difference between economical and uneconomical swimming. The child will be able to quickly get rid of individual mistakes if he is invited to aggravate them: with a strong “threshing” with your hands, offer to do this even more often; raises his head high when sliding - raise his head even higher, etc.
With a consistent solution of problems in deep water: a) teach to lie freely and for a long time on the water, b) slide as far as possible, c) correctly perform movements with arms and legs - children of older preschool age do not form gross errors in swimming technique, and minor errors are easy corrected in the course of further training.
Each lesson is devoted to a specific topic, although during its implementation several tasks are solved at once (material from different sections is used). The tasks and content of the lessons are arranged in order of increasing complexity and taking into account the gradual increase in the load. It is recommended to move on to a new topic only when most of the children in the group have mastered all the tasks of the previous topic. Up to this point, the material must be repeated in full and in part, achieving successful learning for each child.
When repeating, it is better to change the content of the lessons, using tasks and games of the same type. The instructor-educator should be aware that children cannot be expected to have the same level of swimming skills for different durations of training.
CONCLUSION
The practical value of swimming lessons is enormous. It comprehensively develops and hardens the body (especially the respiratory system), as it is affected immediately by water, sun and air. It is easier for a child to stay on the water than for an adult, since the subcutaneous fat layer in children is thicker. Having already reached 7-9 months, the child can (should!) be able to independently hold out on the surface of the water for 8-10 minutes. However, this can only be achieved through systematic and varied training on the water.
An important role in learning to swim is played by the child's acquaintance with the best swimmers, which forms and nurtures his interest and love for sports.
A prerequisite for teaching a child to swim is the closest contact with the parents.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Osokina T. I. Teach children to swim. - M.: Enlightenment, 1985.
2. Osokina T.I., Timofeeva E.A., Bogina T.L. Swimming training in kindergarten for kindergarten teachers and teachers. - M .: Education, 1991.
3. Stepanenkova E. Ya. Physical education in kindergarten. Program and methodological recommendations. - M .: Mosaic-Sintez, 2006. - 96 p.
4. Stepanenkova E.Ya. Theory and methods of physical education and development of the child: Proc. allowance for students. higher ped. textbook establishments. - M., Ed. center "Academy", 2001. - 368 p.
5. Firsov 3. P. Swimming for everyone. - M.: Enlightenment, 1983.
6. Firsov Z.P. Swim before walking // FiS. - 1987. - No. 6.
Irina Bobrova
Preschool age is the most favorable period for active comprehensive development, both mental and physical. At this time, the child receives and assimilates information several times more than during the school period. learning. Today, following the fashion of the time, parents pay more attention to the mental development of their children, not showing proper concern for the physical development. Regular classes swimming have a positive effect on hardening child's body; the mechanism of thermoregulation improves, immunological properties increase, adaptation to various environmental conditions. The nervous system is also strengthened, sleep becomes stronger, appetite improves, the general tone of the body increases, movements improve, endurance increases. Swimming It has a beneficial effect not only on the physical development of the child, but also on the formation of his personality. Classes swimming develop such personality traits as purposefulness, perseverance, self-control, courage, discipline, the ability to act in a team. Tasks kindergarten- introduce children to active physical education in general and classes swimming in particular starting at a young age.
The main form of perception of the world by a child under 7 years old is a game. bathing, playing in the water, swimming favorable for the all-round physical development of the child. After all, not all children enjoy and enjoy communication with water, some are afraid of the depth, which is why the first steps in teaching children to swim are aimed at to help the child overcome this unpleasant feeling. I work on the program « Childhood» and gladly use the method of developing swimming lessons B. Kanidova. Classes are based on a game method using mobile and thematic games and game exercises, which contributes to the development of imaginative thinking, the consolidation of sensory standards and elementary mathematical concepts. Such activities create a good mood in children, have a positive effect on subsequent activities.
Organization swimming lessons for children The garden is carried out in combination with all the various forms of physical culture and recreational work, since only a combination of classes in the pool with a rational mode of activity and rest for children can give a positive result in strengthening their health and hardening the body. The task of studying swimming is not only hardening the body of children, but also giving them the opportunity to learn swim, to overcome the feeling of fear and fear of depth. success teaching preschoolers to swim and the degree of its health-improving influence depend on how clearly all the basic requirements for its organization are observed, security measures are provided, and the necessary sanitary and hygienic rules are met.
I want to highlight several steps swimming lessons in kindergarten.
The first stage begins with the acquaintance of the child with water, its properties. It continues until the moment when the child gets used to the water, can fearlessly and confidently move along the bottom, perform the simplest actions, and play. Junior preschool age - the age of active familiarization with water, preparation for classes swimming. The first visit to the pool is an event in the life of a small child and it is very important that children have only vivid memories.
Most babies are not afraid of water, as is commonly believed. They love to swim and are happy to enter the water. All classes are held in a playful entertaining way, using the artistic word. After the children get used to the water, it is necessary to accustom them to the simplest movements, to immersion. Walking, running, jumping in water introduce children to water resistance. Moving at different depths, they feel how much more difficult it is to move on water than on land. A special place is occupied by movement along the bottom on the hands, stretching out the legs. These exercises lead to the ability to take a horizontal position of the body in the water (we walk "like crocodiles"). The method of figurative comparisons is widely used, performed in pairs ( "nose sunk", "eyes in the water" etc.).
The second stage is connected with the acquisition by children of skills that will help them feel safe enough in the water. In the classroom, children learn to stay on the surface of the water (float, lie down, slide) even for a short time, get an idea of its buoyant and supporting power. Children of the middle group consolidate skills and abilities swimming acquired at a young age. Exercises and games are performed at greater depth with the help of circles, swimming boards, oversleeves.
Difficulty moving in water, children walk in a half-squat at a depth to the waist, tilting their torso forward and leaning their hands on the board, at a depth to the chest they try to walk back and forth, doing "mill" hands. New for children is to learn how to open their eyes in the water. It helps to maintain the desired direction of movement, facilitates orientation while diving, searching for any objects at the bottom. The exercise of opening the eyes in water is successfully done in pairs.
Begins education immersion in water with your head. Children dive under the hoop, circle, trying to be in the center of it. Then the children learn to lie freely on the water, which is part of the gliding in the position on the chest and back.
As a result of the third stage, children should be able to stay on the surface of the water, maintaining the coordination of the movements of the arms, legs and breathing.
In the senior group, skills and abilities are mastered in a certain way. swimming, the technique is being learned, they continue to learn sliding on the chest and back with the help of supporting means. During the exercises, the movements are improved. The child lies at ease on the surface of the water. Feeling free, the child begins to notice the environment, to make an arbitrary exhalation into the water. His movements are free and rhythmic. Swimming on the back for many children is easier. They quickly master the movements of the legs, which they first learn in shallow water, holding on to the handrail, with support, and then with the help of swimming board.
At the fourth stage, the assimilation and improvement of the technique of the method continues. swimming, simple turns, elementary jumps into the water. In the preparatory school group ends swimming lessons in kindergarten. First attempts swimming in full coordination, it is recommended to perform at short distances so that the coordination of movements is not disturbed. Breathing is voluntary at first, later a certain rhythm of breathing is developed. Swimming on the back in full coordination is carried out at such distances, swimming which children are able to maintain an elongated position of the body.
IN swimming exists proverb: « Only he can swim who owns the breath. It is much easier for a child to master breathing, floating slowly and only with the help of hands.
It is important to maintain a positive emotional attitude of children to classes at all stages. learning - striving for so that exercises and games give children pleasure and joy, encourage them to independence, the desire to learn well swim. At swimming lessons preschool children should be given the opportunity to try swim in all ways - crawl on the chest, crawl on the back. There are cases when a child cannot master any method in any way, while the other one grasps without difficulty and quickly.
The tendency of the child to one way or another swimming must be taken into account along with his individual data and supported. You can let the child learn in the way that he likes more, in this case, the results learning will be better.
Skill swim- a vital skill for a person of any age. Fine floating a person never risks his life being in the water.
Work experience shows that not always and not all parents support and approve the hardening of children, teaching them to swim. Therefore, one of the tasks is to widely promote swimming among the parents of pupils. Even before the start of the pool at parent meetings, I inform parents that in Kindergarten will teach children to swim. I explain how important it is for children to be healthy and hardened.
For propaganda teaching children to swim open viewings of classes, holidays are organized. It is desirable that parents actively participate in the preparation and conduct of the holiday. This will help them get to know their children better and get closer to them. Observing the techniques and methods of work, as well as the reaction of the children themselves during various procedures and activities, parents are convinced of the groundlessness of their fears. Meeting with former pupils, we rejoice when we learn that they are all physically strong, many continue to study swimming do well in school.
Therefore, the sooner you teach a child to water, teach swim, the greater the positive impact swimming on the development of the entire child's body.
Holidays on the water are an integral part of swimming lessons. They create conditions for the creative manifestation of children's skills in fun games and competitions, to strengthen friendly relations in children's team. Participation in the holidays unites children with common joyful experiences, brings great emotional and aesthetic satisfaction ( "Neptune Day", "The sun, air and water are our best friends" etc.). Holidays on the water are, first of all, an effective form of active recreation for children, a source of joy, fun and beauty. Joint activities with peers, achievement of good results by the team, overcoming difficulties unite the team, evoke a sense of responsibility in children. Children learn to empathize with the successes and failures of their comrades, to rejoice in their achievements. Participation in the holidays helps children to better understand the importance of systematic exercises in swimming to achieve the desired results, arouses interest in regular classes. The artistic design of the pool should evoke high spirits and joyful anticipation of the holiday in children.
Teaching a child to swim, there is always an opportunity not only to form a specific skill, but also to contribute to the formation of the personality of each of their pupils. Consistency in the system learning helps children to successfully master the entire program offered to them. Child's habit of regular exercise swimming in order to improve health or use this skill for outdoor activities in later life - the most important result of all work.
So let water, which represents a natural element, play in human life not only the role of an indispensable element, but serve as an inexhaustible source of fun, joy, a sense of one's own beauty and health.
Swimming lessons for children
Advice for parents.
The swimming skill for any person is as natural as walking, running, jumping. Suffice it to recall that even in the womb, the baby is already in the aquatic environment, that is, in free swimming - in the literal sense. And therefore, it is also believed that it is advisable to start teaching a baby to swim as early as possible, until the habit of moving in the aquatic environment is completely lost. It has been noticed that the older a person becomes, the more his fear of water intensifies. And the more difficult it is to learn to stay on the water with age, not to mention full-fledged swimming. Moreover, it is rational to start teaching a child to swim from an early age - even before his first trip to school.
Teaching swimming to preschool children will not only give the child one of the very valuable skills that will be useful to him more than once in life. Swimming is also a full-fledged physical education, useful physical activity, so useful for a growing organism. Staying in the water and on the water, gradually learning to swim strengthens the child's body and is an important element of hardening. Teaching swimming to preschool children, and their subsequent free independent swimming, helps to strengthen the muscles of the child, has a beneficial effect on the respiratory system of the baby.
While in the water, the child's spine is unloaded, which is important for the prevention of scoliosis and the formation of a correct posture. During swimming, for movement in the water, those muscle groups are involved, which in everyday life have an insignificant load. Thus, teaching swimming to preschool children also contributes to the formation of a good figure, improving muscle tone. Swimming also has a beneficial effect on the emotional state of the child, has a positive effect on the nervous system. So, during swimming, a kind of water “massage” is provided, due to which tension (both nervous and physical) and fatigue are relieved, sleep improves and the emotional background is debugged.
It is also important that teaching swimming to preschool children contributes to the normalization of metabolic processes, due to which the child feels much better - health improves, and immunity is strengthened. Experts note that learning to swim, and then regular swimming lessons, leads to the fact that the child becomes more resistant to common childhood diseases and gets sick much less often than their peers.
A certain role in this is also played by the temperature difference, air and sunbaths provided in the course of teaching swimming to preschool children (if the training takes place outside the boundaries of the pool in an open reservoir). Moreover, teaching preschool children on a fine summer day somewhere on a lake near a summer cottage is still more “great” and shown than acquiring swimming skills in a pool. Moreover, in this case, parents can independently deal with the child - the baby always trusts mom and dad more than the coach. At the same time, teaching swimming to preschool children in a pool with the help of a specialist also has a number of advantages: a professional always knows how training should ideally take place, knows how to provide first aid if necessary, and the number and variety of pools makes it possible to choose the most suitable for training child of any age.
If, nevertheless, parents are interested in teaching their child to swim independently, certain rules should be followed.
Learning to swim is necessary in shallow water, while the bottom of the reservoir must be solid, without the possible presence of holes or pools. The main thing is to overcome the child's fear of water (if any, because most children are not afraid of water, and even love water). To do this, you can play “war games” with your child with water, raise splashes with your hands. If, nevertheless, the child has a fear of water, one should enter the reservoir slowly, holding the baby by the hands in a face-to-face position.
The child's stay in the water should be limited - starting from 5-10 minutes. At the same time, it is desirable that the water temperature be at least 20-24 degrees, while the ambient temperature is 25-30 degrees. A child in the water should not freeze, at the slightest suspicion of this (the baby turned pale, his lips turn blue), the child must be taken out of the water. Already during entry into the water, the baby should be wiped with water - it is better if he does it on his own, passing water through his fingers and getting used to it.
It is better if the first “session” of learning to swim for preschool children takes place at sea for the first time: salty sea water “holds” better and it is easier for the baby to learn to move in it. But there is a minus with such training - you don’t really dive in salt water, because salt irritates the eyes. And the kid should learn to dive into the water, dive in the process of general swimming training.
Immersion in water in the form of diving also needs to be mastered gradually: first, the baby is immersed in water up to the neck, with time - so that the water covers the mouth, then the nose. You can invite the child to play "floats", first demonstrating how the "float" looks from the side. To do this, the parent pulls his knees, wraps his arms around them, holds the air, bends his head to his chest, and thus plunges into the water. Then he offers to repeat the exercise to the baby, while slightly supporting him, thereby giving confidence. Over time, when the baby more or less masters the skills of swimming, it will be possible to offer him to play "divers": to collect toys scattered at a shallow depth in the water. Or in "dolphins" - putting a circle on the water, invite the child to dive under it.
Inflatable elements in the process of learning to swim will generally serve very well. It is recommended to use a variety of elements that keep the child on the water - sleeves, circles, balls, foam boards. The child can hold on to them, and at the same time practice movements with his arms or legs.
These movements need to be shown to the baby on land, for example, using a bench. Children usually joyfully repeat movements after adults, therefore, there should be no problems with teaching a child to stroke his arms and swing his legs, which he will then reproduce in the water. So, repeating the “swimming” movements several times on land, you need to ask the child to repeat them in the water. He can do this, first being in an inflatable circle. Over time, you can offer the child to refuse the circle - instead, the parent will support the baby in the water in his arms. It is important that the child feels what efforts he needs to make in order to be in the water on his own.
Swimming lessons in a swimming pool preschool children are guided by a swimming instructor.
It is divided into several stages:
The first stage is performing exercises on land, which are able to imitate swimming movements. These movements include strokes with head turns, backbends in the prone position, swings with straight legs from the hip without bending the knees, and many others.
The second stage - the child must get used to being in the water and master swimming movements now no longer on land, but in the pool. First, the child learns to properly float while diving and sliding, during which the instructor supports him by the arm or leg. Swimming lessons for children also contribute to the assimilation of such a skill as exhaling into the water slowly and gradually. At the initial stage of learning to swim, this is the most difficult task, so the exercise is performed at the instructor's command “exhale”. What will the child be able to do as a result of mastering the second stage? This is exhaling into the water and sliding through the water with legs pushing off the side of the pool.
The third stage is the development of leg movements by children during freestyle swimming, the instructor during such classes supports the child by the hands. In addition, it is necessary to ensure that the child does not close his eyes and looks straight ahead. After acquiring these skills, swimming training begins with the help of hand movements and breathing with head turns on inspiration.
The fourth stage is the complete coordination of swimming movements while holding the breath, and then when coordinating movements with breathing.
There are also a number of requirements directly for the pool, in which the initial swimming training of children will take place:
Safety (as a rule, this is a paddling pool, the depth of which is 90 cm);
Comfortable temperature from +32 to +34 degrees
Swimming lessons for children in the pool takes place in the game mode, which helps kids to learn the basic skills of swimming more easily. For this, various games on the water are used, for example, "Frog" (jumping in the water) or "Dolphin" (diving headlong into the water, followed by jumping out to the waist).
Some children have hypersensitivity and other adverse reactions when in the aquatic environment. This is commonly referred to as rabies, a form of fear that is one of the negative human emotions. Hypersensitivity to the aquatic environment is manifested in an exacerbated reaction of the beginner to the unpleasant sensations from getting water on the face and especially in the eyes. Water pressure and temperature effects cause stiffness of movements, difficulty breathing appears. Also, children may have a fear of depth. In the learning process (especially in the very initial period), emphasis should be placed on such exercises that can prevent the appearance of undesirable sensations in beginners and eliminate hypersensitivity to the aquatic environment.
There are the following adviсe for learning to swim: 1. All initial exercises in dives, ascents, lying on the water, and especially gliding, should be performed on a deep breath and holding the breath to ensure the best conditions for buoyancy of the body. Exhalations into the water should be used only after mastering the slide.2. Every novice should immediately be required to open their eyes and not wipe their face when it is under water.3. During repetitive dives, by asking students to open their eyes in the water and examine objects at the bottom, special attention should be paid to those who have increased sensitivity to the aquatic environment.4. The first attempts to lie on the water on the chest are best done with outstretched arms resting on the side (or other stable object) .5. When performing slides on the chest, if the hands are in the “arrow” position (one hand above the other), the balance of the body along its longitudinal axis may be disturbed. To maintain balance, not to lose orientation in the water, it is better to keep your arms outstretched shoulder-width apart and even slightly spread your legs.6. When learning to slide on the back, orientation on the water worsens, because. the face is turned up. Therefore, at the beginning of training, assistance in supporting the child's body in a horizontal plane is desirable.7. When studying jumping into the water from the side with your feet down, you first enter the water in a group (pull your knees to your stomach), in this position of the body the dive will be shallow. All this training should familiarize beginners with the conditions of buoyancy and balance of their body, help them navigate in the water, to anticipate possible causes of anxiety.
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION.
Irina Petrovna
The success of teaching practical skills to preschoolers swimming and the degree of its healing effect, as well as the development of hygiene skills, depend on how clearly and correctly all basic requirements for its organization, security measures are provided, the necessary sanitary and hygienic rules are implemented.
Organization of children's education swimming in kindergarten carried out in combination with all the various forms of physical culture and health work, since only in combination classes in a pool with a rational mode of activity and rest for children can give a positive result in strengthening their health and hardening the body.
Daily routine including swimming lessons provides for sufficient exposure of children to the air, the full conduct of general education classes, eating, sleeping, all other forms, physical culture and health and educational work.
When switched to day mode swimming lessons some changes are made to it. Meal times must be taken into account (40 minutes after eating and 1.5 - 2 hours before a night's sleep). Best to carry out classes in the following periods:
In the morning before breakfast 7 :30 to 8 :30
after breakfast from 9:30 to 12 :30
After daytime sleep 15 :30 to 16 :30
The most convenient classes from early morning, since the general daily routine is not violated. Morning exercises and games are replaced swimming lessons, general education classes are carried out in full, the children go for a walk on time, because during breakfast and classes they have time to dry their hair and rest. There are almost no delays in groups that study before breakfast.
The most frequently carried out classes from 9:30 to 12 :30, so there are changes in the daily routine. The stay of children for a walk is reduced by 15-20 minutes, lunch and sleep are postponed by 15-20 minutes. Later. During the cold season, children classes don't go for walks at all.
Swimming lessons preschool children are organized in a pool of 3x7 meters, a depth of 60-90 cm. The descent into the pool is made from the side, the exit is via a ladder made of non-slip material.
In order to ensure the safety of children and prevent injuries, rubber mats are placed at the exit from the pool and from the shower so that children do not slip on the wet floor.
The dimensions of the pool allow holding classes with a group of children no more than 6-8 people, according to sanitary standards 3 sq. m per child. For classes children are divided into subgroups of 6-8 children. Duration classes together with preparation, for children of different preschool age it is recommended from 10-15 to 30-35 minutes per subgroup (on land no more than 3-5 minutes).
Preparing children for classes
Even before the pool starts, parents must be informed that in kindergarten will teach swimming. During conversations and consultations, parents are given specific advice on hardening a child, taking into account his state of health and psychophysiological characteristics. (the doctor's consultation). Parents should teach their children how to properly use bathing accessories, how to fold things on their own.
Before the beginning swimming lessons hold a meeting with parents at which it is necessary to stipulate in advance the preparation of children for classes. They should be able to dress and undress independently, as well as shower and dry thoroughly with a towel.
Before the beginning classes they conduct special conversations with children about the rules of personal hygiene, inform the rules of behavior in the pool and locker rooms, explain the meaning swimming.
Rules of conduct in the pool.
Listen carefully and complete the assignment
Enter the water only with permission
Go down the stairs with your back to the water
Do not stand still in the water
Do not interfere with each other, dip
Don't bump into each other
Do not shout
Do not call for help on purpose
Don't drown each other
Do not run inside the pool
Asking to go out when necessary
Exit quickly at the command of the instructor
When using the pool, each child must have the following swimwear: accessories: swimming trunks, rubber cap, bathing slippers, towel, bag with soap and washcloth, comb, change of clothes. All these things are placed in a special bag that children should be able to fold.
In preparation for swimming lessons children should undress in their dressing room to their underwear, put on their bathrobe or cape over it, socks and slippers on their feet, take their bathing accessories and go to the pool.
Before the beginning classes children are encouraged to visit the toilet. Then they take off their clothes, fold or hang them as quickly and neatly as possible. Children should shower thoroughly with soap and a washcloth before entering the water. Hygienic shower water temperature +36°С. After that, the children take a cold shower for a while. (about +30°С).
After leaving the pool, children take a warm shower, the temperature of which is 2-4 degrees higher than the temperature of the water in the pool. After swimming lessons and shower, they carefully wipe dry with a towel, dry their hair.
Children's education swimming is a series of interrelated processes that are quite complex in organizational and methodological terms. And a more effective organization depends on how correctly the duties of the pedagogical, medical, service personnel are distributed. swimming lessons.
Security swimming lessons
1. Practice in places, fully responsive to all requirements
safety and hygiene.
2. Avoid disorganized swimming, unauthorized diving
and diving.
3. Do not allow children to push each other and plunge headlong into the water,
sit on top of each other, grab hands and feet, dive towards each other
friend, shout loudly, call for help when she is not required.
4. Do not conduct group lessons exceeding 10-12 people.
5. Allow children to classes only with the permission of a doctor.
6. Teach children to get out of the water only when absolutely necessary.
with the permission of the teacher.
7. Call the children by name before entering the water and after leaving
8. Teach children how to use life-saving appliances.
9. During classes carefully observe the children, see the whole group,
each individual and be prepared in case
the need to help the child quickly.
10. Ensure the mandatory presence of a nurse on lesson.
11. Don't spend classes earlier than 40 minutes after a meal.
12. When signs of hypothermia appear (chills, "goose pimples",
blue lips) take the child out of the water and let him warm up.
13. Follow the methodical sequence of training.
14. Know individual data of physical development, health status
and specially swimming preparation for each child.
15. Seek conscious compliance by children with the rules for providing
security classes.
To ensure safety, you must have the appropriate inventory: a long pole for supporting and belaying students swimming, lifebuoys, float"Baby", swimming boards, colored check boxes. For the most efficient organization classes use supportive aids and toys (styrofoam boards, inflatable toys, small rubber toys for diving exercises, hoops, balls of different sizes).
Subject to all basic requirements for the organization of classes depends on the success of preschool education swimming skills and abilities as well as their safety.
Literature:
1. Voronova E. K. Training program swimming in kindergarten. - St. Petersburg: « CHILDHOOD-PRESS» , 2003.-80 p.
2. Osokina T. I. and others. Education swimming in kindergarten: Book. for the teacher of children garden and parents-M.: Education, 1991.-159 p.
3. Yablonskaya S. V., Tsiklis S. A. Physical culture and swimming in kindergarten. - M., 2008.
4. Internet sources.
